He also promised that international monitors would be included to ensure fair elections. "[222], In Mali, members of the Tuareg tribe confirmed that a large number of men, about 5,000, from the tribe went to Libya in late February. [111][112] In contrast, a January 2011 report of the United Nations Human Rights Council, on which the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya sat prior to the uprising, released a month before protests began, praised certain aspects of the country's human rights record, including its treatment of women and improvements in other areas. Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, launched an offensive on the government-held coast of Libya, disclosure of confidential US diplomatic cables, Timeline of the Libyan Civil War before military intervention, National Conference for the Libyan Opposition, Muammar Gaddafi's response to the Libyan Civil War, International Federation for Human Rights, United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Domestic responses to the Libyan civil war, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, fierce fighting continued around the city center, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, Humanitarian situation during the Libyan Civil War, International reactions to the 2011 Libyan Civil War, US domestic reactions to the 2011 military intervention in Libya, United Nations Security Council Resolution 1970, Foreign relations of the National Transitional Council, Free speech in the media during the Libyan civil war, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, "Libya's Mustafa Abdul Jalil asks Nato to stay longer", "Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels", "На решающий штурм Бени-Валида посылают афганских наемников -", "Старший сын Каддафи утверждает, что в Триполи воюют подразделения НАТО и наемники", "Last Libyan Mission for Norway's F16S To Fly Tomorrow", "Jordanian Fighters Protecting Aid Mission", "UAE Updates Support to UN Resolution 1973", Молдова продала оружие ливийским террористам, Швейцарское оружие оказалось в руках ливийских повстанцев, "Libya's Tribal Politics Key to Gaddafi's Fate", "Is Libya's Gaddafi Turning to Foreign Mercenaries? On 18 February, police and army personnel later withdrew from Benghazi after being overwhelmed by protesters. There was also the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group[169] and the Obaida Ibn Jarrah Brigade which has been held responsible for the assassination of top rebel commander General Abdul Fatah Younis. [105] In March 2008, Gaddafi proposed plans to dissolve the country's existing administrative structure and disburse oil revenue directly to the people. Oil Minister Shukri Ghanem and Foreign Minister Moussa Koussa fled Libya, with the latter defecting to the UK. Oprøret i Libyen i 2011 eller borgerkrigen i Libyen begyndte med en række uroligheder og demonstrationer, som brød ud den 15. februar 2011, rettet mod Muammar al-Gaddafis regime i Libyen.Oprøret var sandsynligvis inspireret af og sås som en del af oprøret i den arabiske verden i 2011, særligt oprørene i nabolandene Egypten og Tunesien.. Det libyske regime havde indledningsvis … One of the most notorious is a prison which was set up in a tobacco factory in Tripoli where inmates are reported to have been fed just half a loaf of bread and a bottle of water a day. [95] More than 16% of families had no members earning a stable income, and 43.3% had just one. [342] In addition their data shows that between 152 and 168 civilians were deliberately killed by the pro-Gaddafi forces in 2011.[343]. There were also several solidarity protests in other countries that were mostly composed of Libyan expatriates. The rebels also won in Benghazi and other places. [214], After clashes between Government and anti-government forces, allegations arose of the Libyan Gaddafi using foreign mercenaries. Some academics believe that as the rebels were now the legitimate and effective government of the state of Libya, the conflict was "deinternationalised" and thus non-international in nature again. [249], After the uprising began, Libyan students studying in the United States allegedly received phone calls from the Libyan embassy, instructing them to join pro-Gaddafi rallies, and threatening the loss of their government-funded scholarships if they refused. According to Moreno-Ocampo, "shooting at protesters was systematic". Omar El-Hariri[19] Initially, Qatari Prime Minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim al-Thani declared that the country was supporting the rebels by sending "defensive weaponry" only. Obama approves airstrikes against Libya, March 19, 2011. [94] One paper speculated that such a situation created a broader contrast between good education, high demand for democracy, and the government's practices (perceived corruption, political system, supply of democracy). We will not permit that at all, and we call on Libyans to voice their issues through existing channels, even if it is to call for the downfall of the government. [337], On 2 March, the World Health Organization estimated approximately 2,000 killed. The General People's Congress announced that, of 468 Basic People's Congresses, 64 chose immediate implementation while 251 endorsed implementation "but asked for (it) to be delayed until appropriate measures were put in place". [377] By 1 March, officials from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees had confirmed allegations of discrimination against sub-Saharan Africans who were held in dangerous conditions in the no-man's-land between Tunisia and Libya. They were trying to corrupt the local legal process which has long been in place. [277] On 21 February, he made an appearance on Piers Morgan Tonight to discuss the uprising. [390], 100 countries recognized the anti-Gaddafi National Transitional Council as Libya's legitimate representative, with many of those countries explicitly describing it as the legal interim government of the country due to the perceived loss of legitimacy on the part of Gaddafi's government, though the National Transitional Council never obtained authority and security across all of Libya. Finally, on 24 August 2011, "Qatari special forces" were involved in the final assault on Bab al-Azizia compound. But in Libya, there is something different. In downtown Benghazi, anti-government forces killed the managing director of al-Galaa hospital. "[183], He called himself a "warrior", and vowed to fight on and die a "martyr", and urged his supporters to leave their homes and attack rebels "in their lairs". Libya was officially run by a system of people's committees which served as local governments for the country's subdivisions, an indirectly elected General People's Congress as the legislature, and the General People's Committee, led by a Secretary-General, as the executive branch. They violently protested against the government. [118], Dissent was illegal under Law 75 of 1973, and in 1974, Gaddafi asserted that anyone guilty of founding a political party would be executed. Article 8 of The Code on the Promotion of Freedom stated that "each citizen has the right to express his opinions and ideas openly in People's Congresses and in all mass media. The rebels won the battle and took control of the city. In the 1980s, a large portion of it was spent on arms purchases, and on sponsoring militant groups and independence movements around the world. "[211], Military advisors from Qatar participated on the side of the rebels,[212] and were sometimes labelled as "mercenaries" by the media. This lasted until 12 March. [81], Both Gaddafi and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, however, officially denied that he held any power, but said that he was merely a symbolic figurehead. [142], In a statement released after clashes in Benghazi, a Libyan official warned that the Government "will not allow a group of people to move around at night and play with the security of Libya". [152] On 19 February, witnesses in Libya reported helicopters firing into crowds of anti-government protesters[153] a claim that Amnesty International stated they found no evidence for, noting that protesters repeatedly made verifiably false claims about repression by the government. [331] It was reported that five people were killed and at least five injured in the events. [305], In May 2011, when Gaddafi's forces were still fighting, and the end result of the civil war was still uncertain, Putin and Dmitri Medvedev's Russian government recognized the National Transitional Council (NTC) of Libya as a legitimate dialogue partner. De resolutie zorgde er ook … [341], The Uppsala Conflict Data Program, a public data resource that includes information on different types of organized violence (e.g. [385] This was followed by an arrest warrant issued by Interpol on 8 September. According to NBC News Chief Foreign Correspondent, Richard Engel, who entered Libya and had reached the city of Tobruk on 22 February 2011 was quoted as saying, "the protest movement is no longer a protest movement, it's a war. ", "Mali fears as Tuaregs return from Libya", "Gadhafi Using Foreign Children As Mercenaries In Libya", "African Mercenaries in Libya Nervously Await Their Fate", "Libya: Gaddafi and His Mali-Chad Tuareg Mercenaries", "В Ливии на стороне правительства воюет немало зимбабвийцев", На стороне Каддафи воюют белорусские партизаны, Источник: освобожденный из плена в Ливии белорусский военный прибыл в Минск, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8451467/Female-Colombian-snipers-fighting-to-defend-Col-Gaddafi-in-Libya.html, "Sudan: Govt Deploys Troops to Borders With Libya", "Algeria May have Violated UN Resolution By Providing Weapons to Libya, US State Dept", https://www.nknews.org/2015/01/north-korea-and-libya-friendship-through-artillery/, https://web.archive.org/web/20110321212338/http://www.sudantribune.com/NAfrican-Union-demands-end-to%2C38339, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/06/17/russia-and-china-team-up-against-nato-libya-campaign/, https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-libya-idUKTRE71P1LO20110226, https://havanatimes.org/news/cuba-pulls-diplomats-out-of-libya/, https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-08-25/south-africa-sticks-gaddafi, https://www.opinion.com.bo/articulo/el-pais/choquehuanca-bolivia-reconocera-gobierno-transitorio-libia/20110910124900377464.html, https://www.the-star.co.ke/national/national/46949-pm-flays-au-over-libya-crisis/, https://www.uypress.net/Internacionales/Mujica-opino-sobre-la-muerte-de-Muamar-Gadafi-uc21199, https://archive.vn/20120907081245/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=40268, https://www.irishexaminer.com/world/arid-30517648.html, https://en.mercopress.com/2011/10/24/ecuador-president-condemns-killing-of-gaddafi-and-family-members-as-homicide, https://web.archive.org/web/20120323030200/http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2011/09/09/alba-asegura-que-solo-reconoce-a-gadafi/, "UPDATE 1-Anger, chaos but no revolt after Libya violence", "The rise of the 'Madkhalists': Inside Libya's struggle for religious supremacy", "Libya's Opposition Leadership Comes into Focus", "Nato strike 'kills Gaddafi's youngest son, "Feature Report – Long summer of civil war in Libya", "Jordan begins Libya police training programme", "Gadhafi Asks Obama To Call Off NATO Military Campaign", "Libya: How the Opposing Sides Are Armed", "Prisoners in Libya languish without charge", "Libyan revolution casualties lower than expected, says new government", "Libyan estimate: At least 30,000 died in the war", "Libyan Rebels Accused of Arbitrary Arrests, Torture", "Libyan Rebels Pledge Free and Fair Election", "A Visual Look Back at the Libyan Revolution", "Opinion: On the second anniversary of the 17th February 2011 Revolution – reflections and considerations", "Amnesty questions claim that Gaddafi ordered rape as weapon of war", "Security Council Calls for War Crimes Inquiry in Libya", "Security Council Authorizes 'All Necessary Measures' To Protect Civilians in Libya", "Gadhafi Blasts 'Crusader' Aggression After Strikes", "Libya accuses rebels of breaching truce", "Libyan rebels reject African Union road map – Africa", "Street fighting rages in Tripoli as Gaddafi loyalists fight rearguard action", "Gaddafi killed as Libya's revolt claims hometown", "Former Gaddafi stronghold revolts against Tripoli", "Qaddafi Is No Mubarak as Regime Overthrow May Trigger a 'Descent to Chaos, "Libyan minister claims Gaddafi is powerless and the ceasefire is 'solid, "Gaddafi Is Eccentric But the Firm Master of His Regime, Wikileaks Cables Say", "What Did Qaddafi's Green Book Really Say? [311] Later the same day, rebels blasted open the Bab al-Azizia compound in Tripoli through its north gates and stormed inside. [318] The NTC captured the whole of Sirte on 20 October 2011, and reported that Gaddafi himself had been killed in the city. Watch Queue Queue. Al-quaeda started bombing. 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[314] The rebels were reported as estimating 400 people had been killed and a further 2,000 injured in the battle. [193], In the eastern city of Bayda, anti-government forces hanged two policemen who were involved in trying to disperse demonstrations. [270], Muhammad as-Senussi, son of the former Crown Prince and grand-nephew of the late King Idris, sent his condolences "for the heroes who have laid down their lives, killed by the brutal forces of Gaddafi" and called on the international community "to halt all support for the dictator with immediate effect. [365], In August 2011, the UNHCR issued a strong call for the rights and lives of sub-Saharan Africans living in Libya to be protected due to reports that black Africans were being targeted[clarification needed] by the rebel forces as cities fell. [204][309], Heads of the rebellion reported on 21 August that Gaddafi's son, Saif al-Islam, was under arrest and that they had encircled the leader's compound, suggesting that the war had reached its endgame with an imminent rebel victory. [247] Gaddafi's soldiers held four New York Times journalists – Lynsey Addario, Anthony Shadid, Stephen Farrell and Tyler Hicks – in captivity for a week. Foreign aid workers were also claiming to be prohibited from officially talking about the allegations. Journalists were prevented from travelling to the village of Dafniya and were turned back at rebel-held checkpoints. [93], An estimated 13% of Libyan citizens were unemployed. "[119] That same year, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya issued the Great Green Document on Human Rights, in which Article 5 established laws that allowed greater freedom of expression. [376] In February, Italian Foreign Minister Frattini expressed his concerns that the amount of Libyan refugees trying to reach Italy might reach between 200,000 and 300,000 people. ), reported that between 1,914 and 3,466 people were killed during the 2011 fighting. 9 Nov. [121] "The Great Green Document on Human Rights treats the right to life as an individual human right and calls for abolition of the death sentence, except in the case of persons whose lives endanger or corrupt society. He later stated that international community needs "less talk and more action" to stop the violence. [140] Foreign workers and disgruntled minorities protested in the main square of Zawiya, Libya against the local administration. "[76] He abolished the Libyan Constitution of 1951, considering it a neocolonial document. They took Tripoli in August. 03/19/2019 12:04 AM EDT. [380] Since 24 March, the WFP supplied over 42,500 cooked meals for TCNs at the Saloum border. [235] It is thought that two South African mercenaries died in that operation from a NATO air strike on Gaddafi's convoy. The Rebels gained power when NATO and other countries began bombarding Gaddafi's forces with attack aircraft. It erupted with the Libyan Revolution, also known as the 17 February Revolution. They violently protested against the government. Adopting resolution 1973 (2011) by a vote of 10 in favour to none against, with 5 abstentions (Brazil, China, ... Libya: United Nations Security Council proposed designations [102] According to US officials, Gaddafi amassed a vast personal fortune during his 42-year leadership. The International Crisis Group believes this to have been a political manoeuvre to divert attention away from himself and the Jamahiriya political system towards government officials currently in power. [citation needed] On 10 March, the president of the ICRC Jakob Kellenberger warned of the increase in the intensity of fighting and in the number of casualties arriving at hospitals in Ajdabiya and Misrata. Mustafa Abdul Jalil[18] [306] On 9 June 2011, some negotiators from NTC arrived in Beijing to have negotiations with the Chinese government. Learn more abut the Libya Revolt of 2011. According to RT.com, rebels abducted five journalists from Russia in April 2011 in Ajdabiya: they reportedly took away the journalists' documents and equipment before releasing them. [278] In March, it was reported Idris bin Abdullah had held meetings at the State Department and Congress in Washington with US government officials.